Gravity
Gravity is a phenomenon that occurs around every object by causing the shading of some direction of energy flow through the object itself or through objects in the surrounding space.
By using the forces generated by gravity, we can sometimes observe how energy behaves and what properties it has. Engineering methods can only utilize two possibilities to induce this phenomenon:
Objects attract each other. However, system analysis shows that this option can lead to problems, particularly with the law of conservation of energy.
NOTE: For example, a proton, due to its gravity, influences the motion of other particles, such as protons and electrons, over billions of years. During this time, the proton would have to expend an amount of energy equivalent to the explosion of many atomic bombs. However, during proton decay, only a tiny amount of energy is released, measurable only with very sensitive instruments.
Current science, which is based on the hypothesis of mutual attraction of objects within gravity, faces issues with energy deficits. To address this problem, energy has been divided into kinetic and potential forms. However, this approach is not required by systemic mechanisms.
If a force, according to similar hypotheses, acts without the need for energy, systemic methods cannot work with it, and it is thus considered unnecessary.
Objects are pushed toward each other. This phenomenon does not lead to problems or conflicts with natural and mathematical laws. It is, therefore, well-observable and assessable using systemic methods and can be easily mathematically defined.
In Figure 4, the case is illustrated where a force of energy acts on a material object in the space near the center of a cosmic tetrahedron, with the object being permeable to the energy.
All other possible variants that appear in various hypotheses are inconsistent with the requirements and are not usable in systemic methods.
Isaac Newton derived the gravitational formula through measurement and weighing. Systemic methods do not have a known procedure for logically deriving this formula in terms of the attraction of objects.
"On Earth, we see the effects of gravitational force, but its nature remains hidden from us. We know its effects, but we do not know what actually causes it." — Isaac Newton
NOTE: It is no secret that the debate over the nature of gravity has been ongoing in scientific circles for a quarter of a millennium. Setting aside various fantastical possibilities of special forces, gravity can arise in only two ways:
- Objects are pushed toward each other (adherents of this view are called gravitists), or
- Objects attract each other
Both possibilities lead to the same phenomenon. Isaac Newton, the author of the law of gravity, refused to engage in this discussion, stating, "I do not hypothesize." Although this debate is occasionally mentioned in publications, our science has always described the phenomenon of gravity as if objects attract each other.
To more precisely evaluate the phenomenon of gravity, we use an example based on solid bodies that are impermeable to energy. This example is illustrated in Figure 5. The solid bodies are shown as two surfaces, "Pa" and "Pb." Arrows indicate the directions of individual energy force rays acting on the surfaces of these bodies. These rays are not counterbalanced by any opposing force from the opposite side within the rotational cone and radius alpha. From this example, it is easy to deduce that the magnitude of the force pushing the bodies toward each other is directly proportional to the sum of the surfaces of the two bodies and inversely proportional to the square of their distance.
NOTE: The straightforward derivation of the gravitational law formula from the perspective of the graviton theory of mutual pushing of objects through purely mathematical and logical reasoning was, among others, highlighted by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Phillips Feynman in his 1965 Lectures on Physics.
Using the same logical methods that we use to understand various scientific principles, we can also derive Kepler's laws and other rules related to gravity.
Additional Note on the Phenomenon of Gravity:
On September 14, 2015, the first successful detection of gravitational waves was recorded. This groundbreaking discovery, made using two detectors from the LIGO observatory in Hanford, Washington, and Livingston, Louisiana, was officially announced on February 11, 2016. The discovery confirmed key predictions contained in the "Foundations of Reciprocal Physics," published in 1997.
This work theoretically predicted the existence of gravitational waves, even though they had not yet been experimentally confirmed at that time. The detection of gravitational waves not only opened a new era in the study of the universe but also validated the correctness of these theoretical foundations. If you are interested in the details, you can also download the revised version titled "Reciprocal Physics" from 2024 on these pages.