Physical objects

Energy is a form of matter, or in other words, matter is a form of energy. This substance, which exists in three states, is the fundamental building block of the Universe. Questions regarding the nature and origin of matter have been the subject of speculation for centuries and remain a focus of study. The system of reciprocal physics proposes only one possible model, with its basic principles outlined below.

Note: The definitions of matter, solid bodies, and material objects in this text do not align with modern science. This discrepancy arises because our understanding of their structure and function is fundamentally different. Nevertheless, the terminology has been adapted as closely as possible to current nomenclature to ensure maximum clarity.

Solid bodies: They consist of different types of solid particles (e.g., gravitons, quarks, neutrinos), the shape of which is unknown because no research has been conducted in this direction. However, the shape of these particles must satisfy the condition that allows the formation of two stable solid bodies—proton and electron—in the cosmic tetrahedron. These bodies are entirely passive and do not release any energy or force during their existence, unlike the common scientific view. 

Solid bodies are created from the energy of their solid particles, as determined by the mathematical equation derived by Einstein. See below. 

Other nucleons, including neutrons, are not stable and decay at varying time intervals. The third solid body could be a black hole, which, according to current physical hypotheses, does not have a stable size and gradually increases over time. 

Similarly, a white hole gradually decreases in size over time. Its shape is not dependent on the specific shape of elementary particles, as it is merely an accumulation of particles. When a white hole decays, elementary particles are released, creating pressure. This pressure is perceived throughout the cosmic tetrahedron as energy. 

Material objects: They consist of solid bodies (protons and neutrons) surrounded by a shell of compressed energy. 

Energy is not compressed only at the edges of material objects (as discussed in the previous chapter). This is merely the outer shell of the molecular world. Compression occurs up to the surface of solid bodies, namely the surfaces of protons and electrons. Compressed energy exerts a repulsive force on surrounding bodies (whether solid or material). Approaching a proton or neutron requires a force that can only be imagined in the immense vortices of energy within the cosmic tetrahedron (often found at the centers of stars). An interesting but logical situation then arises around each solid body, described by the FUNCTION OF THE ATOM "fa", which can be expressed by the formula in Figure 8. 

Explanation of the function of the atom: For better understanding, the situation is illustrated in the diagram (Figure 8). As a solid body is approached along the "X" axis, the gravitational force according to Newton's law increases up to point "A". Upon further approach, however, the force transitions to a repulsive one. 

At point "A", the gravitational force and the repulsive force balance each other. At this distance, there is a stable level where electrons move. If electrons are farther away, the gravitational force pulls them back; if they are closer, the repulsive force pushes them away from the atomic nucleus. 

At this stable level, all electron oscillations occur, generating electromagnetic radiation, including light. If we were to bring a body closer to the atomic nucleus than point "A," the repulsive force would increase sharply, causing the body to be literally ejected from the atom.

 The repulsive force significantly outweighs the gravitational force along the "X" axis up to point "B." Point "B" is located at a labile level of the atom, just above the surface of the nucleus.

The nucleus is a completely passive object situated in a space filled with flowing energy. The nucleus itself does not produce any force or energy, as it is an impermeable barrier to "energy." The repulsive force is caused by the compressed energy surrounding the atomic nucleus. This force depends on the angle at which it acts above the surface of the nucleus.

The labile level, where point "B" is located, sharply delineates the atomic nucleus. Bodies positioned on the "X" axis between points "A" and "B" are forcefully ejected from the atom. Bodies located between point "B" and the surface of the atomic nucleus "p" are compressed toward the surface of the nucleus by gravitational force.

Imagine a flat-shaped body that would closely adhere to the surface of the atomic nucleus. Such a body would be inseparable from the nucleus. If the angle at which the surrounding energy force acts on the nucleus were zero, the repulsive force would be null, and only the gravitational force would be at play.

These relationships explain and are mathematically justifiable as to why an atom is mostly empty space, why two protons cannot remain together, why a neutron decays into a proton and an electron, and why up to four nucleons create a stable atomic nucleus. 

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM 

According to scientific literature, the atom consists of a nucleus and electrons.

The force conditions around nucleons do not allow for the existence of any additional solid bodies between sphere "A" and sphere "B". When viewed from the surface of the nucleon, solid bodies can only exist before the labile sphere "B" and beyond the stable sphere "A"—as shown in Figure 8.

This means that all solid bodies will either be pressed against the surface of the nucleon or repelled by the force of compressed energy beyond the boundary of the stable sphere "A". The simplest atom, hydrogen, then represents a model of such a situation.

The nucleus of the atom consists of a single proton. The closest anything can get to it is an electron, which can approach only up to the boundary of sphere "A". Between the nucleus and the electron, there is only compressed energy, which prevents the electron from getting any closer.

If the region of compressed energy is set into motion by pulsating energy from the outside, the electron located at the level of the proton's compressed energy will also begin to oscillate. 

The electron, regardless of its shape, represents a material unit of a solid body. Due to its small size, its repulsive force (approximately equal to that of the proton) is greater than the gravitational force at all points along the "X" axis. The gravitational force only predominates at larger distances, where it becomes negligible. Current hypotheses describe the electron as having a negative charge, which is why two electrons cannot form a stable atom. 

An atom is a system that includes a nucleus (composed of protons and neutrons) and electrons. Electrons move along the level of compressed energy around the atomic nucleus and touch their own shell of compressed energy. If an electron moves away, it is pulled back to its original level by gravitational energy. Conversely, if an electron is pushed closer due to some anomaly, the compressed energy of both the nucleus and the electron will push it back to a greater distance. 

Neutron – we know that it is not a stable nucleon. In isolation, it decays into a proton and an electron. If conditions exist for its decay, there must (at least according to reciprocal physics) also be opposite conditions for its creation. These conditions can be derived from formula 7.1.b in Figure 8. Its creation likely occurs in larger nucleon clusters, where the level of sphere "B" is more distant from the surface of atomic nuclei, preventing its ejection from the nucleus. 

Nucleus with multiple nucleons: In the space of the cosmic tetrahedron, where forces act from all sides and in all directions, there is a tendency for all bodies to cluster into spherical shapes. This also applies to nucleons. 

More complex atomic nuclei are composed of multiple nucleons. Theoretically, it is not possible to form a nucleus from just two protons, as such a system would form a line, and the two protons would immediately repel each other. The deuterium nucleus, composed of a proton and a neutron, is less labile, and it is possible to assume a slightly different shape than a line, which allows for its stability. Similarly, in tritium, the nucleus forms a plane, which, given the influence of compressed energy, remains unstable, assuming the validity of geometric laws. 

A solid nucleus that meets the conditions of cosmic space is the helium nucleus. This nucleus forms a tetrahedron composed of four nucleons. Aside from hydrogen, no more ideal structure can be constructed than the helium nucleus.

When four nucleons fuse to form a helium nucleus, an interesting situation arises: the atomic nucleus is lighter than the sum of the masses of the individual nucleons. In current physical hypotheses, this phenomenon is referred to as the mass defect of atomic nuclei, but it remains unexplained. In reciprocal physics, however, this phenomenon is both expected and explainable. The mass of each nucleon consists of the mass of the nucleon itself plus the mass contributed by the shell of compressed energy around it. When four nucleons combine to form a helium nucleus, the surface of the newly formed nucleus is smaller than the sum of the surfaces of the individual free nucleons.

Excess energy escapes, for example, in the form of a nuclear explosion, and reduces the mass of the newly formed body. As new nucleons are added to the atomic nucleus, the mass defects of atomic nuclei continuously increase. This pertains to the mass of compressed energy, which no longer exists in the shell of an atom composed of multiple nucleons and, according to mathematical laws recognized by systemic methods, cannot exist. 

As the atomic nucleus is continually enlarged by adding new nucleons, it can become imbalanced, potentially disrupting its stability for the following reasons:

External influences, especially pulsating energy, primarily affect the shell of compressed energy. This causes oscillations in the upper layer of compressed energy, which in turn affects the electron layer. However, this influence has practically no effect on the atomic nucleus itself.

The mass of the atomic nucleus is derived from the surface area of its boundary. The nucleons inside the nucleus do not contribute to this phenomenon and can essentially move in an energetic "soup" without binding to their surroundings. The pressure of compressed energy affects only the surface of the atomic nucleus, which is large and irregular in shape due to the number of nucleons. 

Especially if, in an ideal spherical shape, a nucleon is missing or in excess. Although increasing the size of the nucleus brings the stable sphere "A" and the labile sphere "B" closer together, resulting in greater instability of the nucleus, the repulsive force of the entire complex decreases. This phenomenon is illustrated in the diagram in Figure 8, where the approach of spheres "A1" and "B1" along the "x1" axis is shown. 

It is possible that a labile atomic nucleus can be disrupted by external influences. In such cases, the compressed energetic "soup" inside the nucleus is released, for example, in the form of a nuclear explosion.

NOTE: Unfortunately, we do not know the exact shape of the neutron, its compressed energy shell at the moment of leaving the nucleus, or when it enters a neighboring atom. Therefore, within reciprocal physics, there may be various possibilities and probabilities for how this situation occurs.

As the shape of the nucleus changes in larger atoms, the instability becomes such that the nucleus decays into isotopes until it reaches a state where it forms the most ideal sphere. At this shape, the decay stops and a stable nucleus is formed, adapted to the conditions at that location in the cosmic tetrahedron.

These currently unstable nuclei must have formed under conditions when they were stable—otherwise, they could not have formed at all. This means that, for example, dating the formation of Earth based on the decay of uranium to lead could be misleading. The decay of elements began only after the conditions of their formation and stability had ended, not at the moment of Earth's formation.

We know very little about the shape and properties of solid bodies such as neutrons, protons, or electrons. We are uncertain whether their surfaces are rigid or flexible, or exactly how the surface of a neutron differs from that of a proton or electron. Our knowledge is based solely on objectively observed manifestations of these particles, of which there are very few.

If the size of the atomic nucleus exceeds a certain limit, then at every point at a distance from its surface, the gravitational force F becomes greater than the repulsive force, as shown by sphere A2 = B2 on the X2 axis in the diagram in Figure 8.

In this case, all bodies fall from any distance onto the surface of the atomic nucleus. This phenomenon is currently referred to in science as a black hole.